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Archive for October 21st, 2009

General Interest

October 21, 2009

The Post-War Housing Boom}

The 1940′s Housing Boom}

Sometimes described in the post-war years as `the housing shortage’, the Australian effort to fix a very serious issue has in time come to be called `the housing boom’. Without a doubt it was a boom in demand and activity. There was also a marked increase in house ownership, achieved in many cases through heroic individual effort and years of sacrifice.

Changing social attitudes offered new opportunities, but also reduced the options. Emphasis in government housing schemes was at first on rental dwellings; later there was a swing toward the sale of affordable houses. At a time when various influencers had reduced the amount of rental dwellings, governments, banks, finance companies, building societies and housing co-operatives were offering greater opportunities for home ownership. Ironically this was paralleled by a jump in constuction costs.

High on the list of factors linked to rising costs were the passing of legislation for the 40-hour working week, and drastic increases in the cost of building materials. By 1948 an employer had to pay an unqualified building labourer a higher wage than a tradie had received in early 1946.

To keep both labourer and tradie productively employed the builder needed a continuous flow of materials which was a rare event in those times. A shortage of skilled workers also meant lower quality work and a blow out in construction time.

Contract prices were loaded with an increasing profit margin as an insurance against unseen problems. Under commonwealth price control, builders were entitled to a 10 per cent `profit’ on the contract price. Above award payments were not recognised in price control and yet builders often found a need to pay above award wages to ensure building completion.

Unexpected costs could arise when, for example, timber flooring was suddenly unprocurable, and a higher price would then have to be paid for imported timber for flooring.

With locally made cement taking forever to turn up, a truckload from interstate was sometimes purchased at nearly three times the price. When compared to 1939 prices timber flooring had, by 1948, increased 100 per cent in price. Cement had risen by almost 20 per cent and clay roofing tiles by more than 25 per cent. A gallon of first-grade paint costing around 30s ($3) in 1939 had risen at least 40 per cent by 1948.

When added to rising costs and shortages of materials the government restrictions, limiting the area of a new dwelling to 1200 square feet (111.48 square metres) for a timber house and 1250 square feet (116.12 square metres) for one in brick, completed the recipe for an imposed design modesty.

The economical plan was essential; cost-saving and limitations on area made large single-purpose rooms a luxury. Verandahs and wide open porches were deleted, reducing the shade at the front entrance to the absolute minimum. Ceiling heights had been gradually reduced from the turn of the century and were now usually nine feet (2745 mm). Until the government construction restrictions were lifted in 1952 the acceptance of no-nonsense functionalism was as much an imposed state as it was a fashionable philosophy. This was the era of the great Australian Dream.

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General Interest

Best Registry Cleaner: Here Is The Best

As popular as Windows Vista is with new computers, there are still millions of machines that are running Windows XP. In fact, many computer pros actually prefer Windows XP since is has be a stable computing platform for many years. The main problem most users of older computers have is speed- or a lack of it! It is simple to check Windows registry settings and breathe some new life into that old PC.

With all of the PC’s that are in use world wide, it is no wonder that the market for software that repairs software errors is so popular. In fact, there are hundreds of software products that are advertised for registry repair, but how do you find the right program to a good job cleaning computer registry files? Can you trust the reviews that you do find? The answer is yes, but keep the following tips in mind.

The best registry cleaner and repair is accomplished with the use of a software product called a registry utility. These programs scan your system for errors and can repair invalid, corrupt and incorrect entries. These are the errors that are slowing your PC down to a crawl. Luckily, these errors can be fixed.

Looking for a site to download registry fix software used to be easy, but now there are literally hundreds of titles to pick from. One piece of advice – if you are surfing web pages and something pops us says ‘your computer is infected with spyware’ – do not download the program that is offered. It is most likely spyware itself!

General Interest

Skin Cancer and Vitamin A

The skin and mucosal cells (cells that line the airways, digestive tract, and urinary tract) function as a barrier and form the body’s first line of defense against infection. Retinol (vitamin A) and its metabolites (e.g. beta carotene which is converted to vitamin A) are required to maintain the integrity and function of these cells. (Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 1999).

n 1999 Researchers from the University of Michigan reported that ultraviolet irradiation from the sun causes a major loss of retinoic acid receptors in skin cells. They concluded that ultraviolet irradiation causes a vitamin A deficiency that may have harmful effects on skin function, contributing to premature aging of the skin and the creation of skin cancer. (Nature Medicine 1999; 5(4): 418-422).

n 2001 researchers from The University of Texas, Baylor College of Medicine and the University of Arizona looked at the effects of sun exposure and retinoic acid (vitamin A) receptors in skin cells.

The study examined these effects in relation to squamous skin carcinogenesis (SCC) (the process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells).

They observed a progressive decrease in retinoic acid (vitamin A) receptors from normal skin to precancerous skin progressing to invasive skin SCC (squamous cell carcinogenesis).

Their results indicate that the suppression of retinoid (vitamin A) receptors occurs early in the precancerous stage and is associated with progression of squamous skin carcinogenesis (the creation of cancer). (Cancer Res, 61: 4306-10, 2001).

Swedish researchers, reporting in the journal Experimental Dermatology in 2003, used cultured normal human keratinocytes and melanocytes (skin cells) to examine the effects of UV irradiation on the main retinoid receptors in the human skin.

The keratinocyte is the major cell type of the epidermis (outer layer of skin), making up about 90% of epidermal cells. Melanocytes are cells located in the bottom layer of the skin’s epidermis.

The authors concluded that a depletion of vitamin A and retinoid receptors, together with other factors, by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation might seriously interfere with retinoid (vitamin A) signalling and therefore promote future tumour development, especially in keratinocytes (see above). (Exp Dermatol. 2003 Oct;12(5):563-71).

In 1993 Edes and a colleague at the Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, reported in a review that exposure to benzopyrene, a carcinogen (cancer causing substance) causes vitamin A depletion in exposed tissues.

They noted that the effect is apparent while on a vitamin A sufficient diet but significantly, without a decline in serum (blood) Vitamin A. In other words, benzopyrene depleted vitamin A even when the diet was adequate in the vitamin, and this depletion is not apparent in blood tests.

Benzopyrene also known as benzo(a)pyrene is found in coal tar, in automobile exhaust fumes (especially from diesel engines), tobacco smoke, and in charbroiled food. Recent studies have revealed that levels of benzopyrene in burnt toast are significantly higher than once thought, although it is unproven whether burnt toast is itself carcinogenic. (Wikipedia).

Reviewing the studies to date they observed that although these studies involved dietary intake of benzopyrene, it would be realistic to surmise cigarette smoke exposure would have a similar effect. (Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1993 May 28;686:203-11; discussion 211-2. Review).

Kevin has been writing articles online for in excess of 4 years. Not only does this author specialize in health and weight loss, you can also check out his latest website Cartier Ladies Watches with information regarding Cartier Ladies Watches.

Disclaimer: The information and opinions on this website is for information purposes only and is believed to be accurate and sound, based on the best judgment available to the author. Readers should consult appropriate health professionals on any matter relating to their health and well-being. Readers who fail to consult appropriate health authorities assume the risk of any injuries.

 

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